Sketch is the main way for painters to go deep into life and collect materials, as well as the main means to observe and understand the structure and ecological characteristics of objects. The main way of flower and bird painting is line drawing.

1.写生的工具

1. Tools for sketching

写生前，应准备写生夹一个，自制或文具店出售的均可，大小以放得下4开纸为宜，再配以铁夹4只。还需准备H~3B五个型号的铅笔数支（或钢笔、绘图直线笔）、橡皮数块、美工刀一把、素描纸数张（裁成4开备用）、折叠小凳一只、速写本一本。如果条件允许，可备一架照相机，用来选取大场面或局部特写，亦可用来记录色彩。

Before you write, you should prepare a sketch clip, which can be made by yourself or sold in a stationery store. The size should be suitable for four sheets of paper, and four iron clips should be used. In addition, several pencils (or pens, drawing linear pens), several rubbers, a art knife, several pieces of sketch paper (cut into four pieces for standby), a folding stool and a sketch book of five models of H~3B shall be prepared. If conditions permit, a camera can be prepared to select large scenes or local close-up, or to record colors.

2.写生的方法

2. Method of sketching

初学写生的人刚步入大自然，往往会被那些千姿百态、错综复杂的自然景物弄得眼花缭乱，从而产生一种兴奋感和把全部景物都描绘下来的欲望。如果这样照搬自然来写生，往往会吃力不讨好，画出来的写生稿对以后的创作没有多少参考价值。

The beginner of sketching has just entered the nature, and is often dazzled by the various and complicated natural scenes, resulting in a sense of excitement and desire to describe all the scenes. If you draw from nature in this way, you will often find it hard to please. The sketched manuscript has little reference value for future creation.

写生时，要选择入画的角度。写生前，要对所画对象进行、深入的观察，选择能体现对象美感、有利于表现对象结构变化和透视关系的角度来画。

When sketching, you should first choose the angle of painting. Before writing, you should make a comprehensive and in-depth observation of the painted objects, and choose an angle that can reflect the aesthetic feeling of the objects and is conducive to the expression of the structural changes and perspective relationship of the objects.

其次，要精心地取舍。选取能体现对象结构特征和精神面貌的典型部分进行写生，舍弃那些不美的、重复的、多余的东西。

Secondly, we should make careful choices. Select the typical parts that can reflect the structural characteristics and spiritual outlook of the object for sketching, and discard those ugly, repetitive and redundant things.

工笔写生主要是用线来画，不能像西画那样强调块面、色调和光影。要把看到的立体物象提炼成线，并把这些线准确地落到纸上。这对初学者来说可能有点儿困难，但宁可画得慢一些，也要画稳、画准。画得多了，自然会手眼相应，速度也就快了。

Fine brushwork mainly uses lines to draw, instead of emphasizing block surface, tone and light and shadow like western painting. The three-dimensional objects and images you see should be refined into lines, and these lines should be accurately placed on the paper. This may be a little difficult for beginners, but they would rather draw slowly, but also draw steadily and accurately. The more you draw, the faster you will be.

写生要以收集素材为主要目的，因此应尽量做到真实、准确。写生时，宜按与实物同等的比例作画，这样做易于比较，易于正确掌握各物象之间的比例关系。在画对象的姿态和整体时，还要用局部特写的方法做一些细节记录，如禽鸟的羽毛、爪、喙和花瓣、花萼、花蕊、一组叶子，以及叶子与枝干之间的结构关系等。这样可以节省写生的时间。

The main purpose of sketching is to collect materials, so it should be true and accurate as far as possible. When sketching, it is better to draw in the same proportion as the real object, so that it is easy to compare and correctly master the proportion relationship between objects. When painting the posture and the whole of the object, we should also use the method of local close-up to make some detailed records, such as birds' feathers, claws, beaks and petals, calyx, stamens, a group of leaves, and the structural relationship between leaves and branches. This can save time in sketching.

在一般情况下，工笔写生是白描稿，没有色彩，但可以用文字标注出各部位应用的色彩。当然，也可以直接用颜料做色彩记录。

In general, fine brushwork is a line drawing, which has no color, but can be marked with words to indicate the color applied to each part. Of course, you can also directly use paint to make color records.

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