纸、帛的鉴别字画是作于纸和帛之上的，帛的寿命一般百年左右，纸的寿命约在千年之内。当然，出土文物中的纸帛由于地下埋葬环境的不同，仍可能超越千年。例如绢帛在晋唐之前是单丝织成，直到宋代才发现双丝织成的绢帛，比元明时期的绢显得细密。由绢的质量类别可以断定字画年代。纸，也有时代痕迹。隋唐之前，纸以麻料作原料，显得纤维较租，纸张不够细洁；隋唐之后，树皮被用来造纸，其纸质比以前精细；北宋中期后，造纸原料多样化，纸质也呈现多样化了。实际上，民间收藏的字画仅以明清以后时期多见，这是因为纸、绢本身难于历经数百年保存的缘故。再加上造伪者的混淆，所以有人认为古字画中相当部分是鱼目混珠。收购名人字画主要辨别的三要素：

The identification of paper and silk, calligraphy and painting is made on paper and silk, the life of silk is generally about 100 years, the life of paper is about 1000 years. Of course, due to the different burial environment, the paper and silk in the unearthed cultural relics may still be more than a thousand years old. For example, silk was made of single silk before the Jin and Tang Dynasties. It was not until the Song Dynasty that silk made of double silk was found, which was finer and denser than that in the yuan and Ming Dynasties. The quality of silk can be used to determine the age of calligraphy and painting. Paper, also has traces of the times. Before the Sui and Tang Dynasties, paper was made of hemp, so the fiber was relatively low and the paper was not clean enough; after the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the bark was used to make paper, and the paper was more refined than before; after the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty, the raw materials for paper making were diversified, and the paper was also diversified. In fact, the folk collection of calligraphy and painting is only common after the Ming and Qing Dynasties, this is because the paper and silk itself is difficult to survive for hundreds of years. Coupled with the confusion of counterfeiters, some people think that a considerable part of ancient Chinese characters and paintings are fishy eyed. There are three main factors to distinguish famous people's calligraphy and painting

一、装演鉴别：

1、 Performance identification:

各个时代装横有其特色。如元代宫廷藏画选择专人装裱，大德四年“以古玉象牙为轴，以鸾鹊木锦碧天续为装核”.明代书画则在书画卷增加了引首，有的还被写上了字，立轴有宽边、窄边之分，有的还加了诗堂。清代宫廷书画的装核用料和技术形式都胜于明代，显得更为讲究。

Each era has its own characteristics. For example, in the Yuan Dynasty, court paintings were mounted by specially assigned persons. In the fourth year of Dade, ancient jade and ivory were used as the axis, and Luan Que and Mu Jin and Bi Tian Xu were used as the core. In the Ming Dynasty, the introduction was added to the calligraphy and painting volume, some of which were written with characters. The vertical axis was divided into wide and narrow sides, and some of which were added to the poetry hall. The materials and technical forms of the imperial painting and calligraphy in the Qing Dynasty were better than those in the Ming Dynasty.
            

二、印章鉴别：

2、 Seal identification:

宋代字画作品许多不上印章，部分上盖铜印与玉印，印色有密印和水樱元代印章质料有木、象牙、铜、玉等，印色为油印和水樱元代自王冕始用石料印章。明代石料印章普遍，篆文刻法采用“锤头式”,使用大多是油樱清代印章形状、字体、字形均呈多样化，印色为油质。 画中人物衣服与生活用具的鉴别 各个年代冠服往往不同，生活用具也有差别，可以据以鉴别。

Many of the calligraphy and painting works in the Song Dynasty were not stamped with seals. Some of them were stamped with bronze and jade seals. The seals in the Yuan Dynasty were made of wood, ivory, copper and jade. The seals in the Yuan Dynasty were made of oil seal and Shuiying seal. Stone seals were common in the Ming Dynasty, and the "hammer head" style was adopted in seal cutting. Most of the seals were made of oil cherry. The shapes, fonts and glyphs of the seals in the Qing Dynasty were diversified, and the printing color was oily. The identification of the clothes and daily utensils of the figures in the painting is often different in different ages, and the daily utensils are also different, which can be used to identify.

三、题跋鉴别：

3、 Identification of inscriptions and postscripts:

题跋分三类：作者的题跋，同时代人的题跋，后人的题跋。题跋是为了增加字画的身价。但是，常见有真画配假题跋或假画配真题跋的，应仔细鉴别。特别是名家在假字画上题跋更容易使入迷。

There are three kinds of postscripts: the author's postscripts, the contemporary's postscripts and the posterity's postscripts. The postscript is to increase the value of calligraphy and painting. However, if there are real paintings with fake inscriptions and postscripts or fake paintings with real inscriptions and postscripts, they should be carefully identified. In particular, it is easier for famous artists to be fascinated by inscriptions and postscripts on fake calligraphy and paintings.

现在的书法作品可分两种，一种是业内，是书法家的作品；一种是外行，并不是书法家，纯粹也只能是书法爱好者而已。

Today's calligraphy works can be divided into two types: one is the works of professional calligraphers in the industry; the other is layman, not professional calligraphers, only calligraphy lovers.