华夏五千年，字画是不间断发展的艺术，字画百花齐放，比传统的字画更具有艺术性，已达到一个顶峰。字画是世界绘画艺术之林的瑰宝，字画和西画相比更具有艺术性。为什么这样说？我们怎样看待自己的国粹呢？

　　For five thousand years in China, Chinese calligraphy and painting have been an art form that has continuously developed. Chinese calligraphy and painting are diverse and more artistic than traditional ones, reaching a peak. Chinese calligraphy and painting are treasures in the world of painting art, and compared to Western painting, Chinese calligraphy and painting are more artistic. Why do you say that? How do we view our own national essence?

　　字画历史渊源、博大精深，就是用千言万语也无法说清楚什么是字画。字画是让西方人崇拜的艺术。就说传统字画的特点就比西画更精深神奇。传统的字画不讲焦点透视，不强调自然界对于物体的光色变化，不拘泥于物体外表的相似。而是多强调抒发作者的主观感情。字画讲究“ 以形写神” ，追求的是“ 妙在似与不似之间” 的感觉，“ 绝似又绝非像物者的真通” （徐悲鸿的名言）。而西画，讲究“ 以形写形” ，当然，创作过程中，也讲究“ 神” 的表现，但西画非常讲究画面的整体、概括。有人说，西画是“ 再现” 的艺术，而字画是“ 表现” 的艺术。

　　The historical origins and profoundness of Chinese calligraphy and painting are so profound that even a thousand words cannot explain what Chinese calligraphy and painting are. Chinese calligraphy and painting are arts that Westerners admire. The characteristics of traditional Chinese calligraphy and painting are more profound and magical than Western painting. Traditional Chinese calligraphy and painting do not emphasize focal perspective, do not emphasize the natural changes in light and color of objects, and are not confined to the similarity of object appearances. Instead, it emphasizes more on expressing the author's subjective emotions. Chinese calligraphy and painting emphasize "using form to express spirit", pursuing a feeling of "beauty between similarity and dissimilarity", and "absolute similarity is not the true understanding of objects" (Xu Beihong's famous saying). Western painting, on the other hand, emphasizes "writing form with form". Of course, in the creative process, it also emphasizes the expression of "spirit", but Western painting places great emphasis on the overall and summary of the picture. Some people say that Western painting is an art of "reproduction", while Chinese calligraphy and painting are an art of "expression".

　　字画与西画相比还有自己独特的特征，表现在其艺术手法、艺术分类、构图、用笔、用墨、上色等多个方面。按照艺术的手法来分，字画分为工笔、写意和兼工带写三种形式。用笔就是画笔工整细腻，敷色层层渲染，细节明澈如微，用极其细腻的笔触描绘物象，故“ 工笔” 。“ 写意” 相对工笔来说，用豪放简练的笔墨描绘物象的形神，抒发作者的感情。它要有高度的概括能力，要有以少胜多含蓄意境，落笔要准确，运笔熟练，要能够得心应手，意到笔到。兼工带写的形式则是把工笔和写意进行了综合地运用。

　　Compared with Western painting, Chinese calligraphy and painting have their own unique characteristics, manifested in various aspects such as artistic techniques, art classification, composition, brushwork, ink use, coloring, etc. According to artistic techniques, Chinese calligraphy and painting can be divided into three forms: gongbi, freehand brushwork, and mixed use writing. Using a brush is like using a neat and delicate brush, applying colors layer by layer for rendering, with clear and subtle details, and using extremely delicate strokes to depict objects, hence the term 'gongbi'. Compared to gongbi, "freehand brushwork" uses bold and concise strokes to depict the form and spirit of objects, expressing the author's emotions. It needs to have a high degree of summarization ability, a subtle artistic conception of using less to win more, accurate brushstrokes, proficient brushstrokes, and the ability to handle it skillfully and accurately. The form of part-time writing combines gongbi and freehand brushwork.

　　从艺术的分类来字画分为山水、花鸟、人物画，它主要是以描绘的对象不同来划分的。

　　From the classification of art, Chinese calligraphy and painting can be divided into landscape painting, flower and bird painting, and figure painting, mainly based on the different objects depicted.

　　字画在构图、用笔、用墨、上色等方面，也都有自己的特点。字画的构图一般不遵循西画的黄金分割点，而是或作长卷、或作立轴，长宽比例是没有固定格式的。但它能够很好表现特殊的意境和作者主观情趣。同时，在透视的方法上，字画与西画也是不一样的。透视是绘画的术语，就是在作画的时候，把一切物体正确的在平面上表现出来，使之有远近高低的空间感和立体感，这种方法叫透视。因透视的现象是近大远小，所以常常也称“ 远近法” 。西画一般是焦点透视，就和照相机拍照一样，字画就不一定固定在一个立脚点上作画，也不受固定视域的局限，它可以根据作者的感受和需要，移动立脚点作画，把见得到和见不到的景物都表现在作品上，也不受时令的界限，这种散点和多点透视方法是西画所没有的。

　　Chinese calligraphy and painting also have their own characteristics in composition, brushwork, ink use, coloring, and other aspects. The composition of Chinese calligraphy and painting generally does not follow the golden ratio of Western painting, but instead consists of either long scrolls or vertical axes, with no fixed format for the aspect ratio. But it can well express special artistic conception and the author's subjective taste. Meanwhile, in terms of perspective, Chinese calligraphy and painting are also different from Western painting. Perspective is a term in painting, which refers to the correct representation of all objects on a plane during painting, creating a sense of distance, height, and three dimensionality. This method is called perspective. Due to the phenomenon of perspective being larger in the near and smaller in the far, it is often referred to as the "far and near method". Western painting generally uses focal perspective, just like taking photos with a camera. Chinese calligraphy and painting are not necessarily fixed on a single point of view, nor are they limited by a fixed field of view. They can move the point of view according to the author's feelings and needs to depict both visible and invisible scenery in the work, without being limited by seasons. This scattered and multi-point perspective method is not available in Western painting.

　　在用笔和用墨方面，是字画造型的重要部分。用笔讲究粗细、疾缓、顿挫、转折、方圆等变化，以表现物体的质感，古人总结出了十八描的线条运用法。用墨讲究勾、皴、点、染互用，干、湿、浓、淡、黑合理调配。字画的用墨之妙，在于浓淡相生，浓处精彩而不滞，淡处灵秀而不晦，浓中有淡，淡中有浓，浓又有浓和次浓，淡又有稍淡和更淡，有灵活用笔的特色。如当代画家李苦禅画的墨荷,水墨淋漓,洒脱奔放。朱宣咸的红梅极其热烈、奔放、老辣、包容与大气磅礴的艺术风貌。字画与书法在工具及运笔方面有许多共同之处，二者结下了不解之缘，古人早有“ 书画同源” 之说。但二者也存在着差异，书法运笔变化多端，尤其是草书，要胜过绘画，而绘画的用墨丰富多彩，又超过书法。笔墨二字被当作字画技法的总称，它不仅仅是塑造形象的手段，本身还具有独立的审美价值。

　　In terms of brushwork and ink usage, it is an important part of Chinese calligraphy and painting style. The use of pen emphasizes variations such as thickness, speed, rhythm, turning, and squareness to express the texture of objects. The ancients summarized the usage of the eighteen strokes of lines. The use of ink emphasizes the mutual use of hooks, textures, dots, and dyes, and the reasonable mixing of dry, wet, thick, light, and black. The wonderful use of ink in Chinese calligraphy and painting lies in the interplay of intensity and lightness. The intensity is brilliant but not stagnant, the lightness is graceful but not dull, there is intensity within intensity, intensity within intensity, intensity within intensity, intensity with maximum and secondary intensity, and intensity with slight and even lighter intensity. It has the characteristic of flexible brushstrokes. Like the ink lotus painted by contemporary artist Li Kuchan, the ink wash is vivid and free spirited. Zhu Xuanxian's red plum blossoms have an extremely passionate, unrestrained, spicy, inclusive, and majestic artistic style. Chinese calligraphy and painting share many similarities with calligraphy in terms of tools and brushstrokes, and the two have formed an inseparable bond. The ancients had long said that "calligraphy and painting share the same origin". But there are also differences between the two. Calligraphy involves a variety of strokes, especially cursive script, which surpasses painting, while painting uses rich and colorful ink, which surpasses calligraphy. The two characters of brush and ink are regarded as the general term for Chinese calligraphy and painting techniques. They are not only means of shaping images, but also have independent aesthetic value.

　　字画在上色方面也有自己的讲究，所有颜料多为天然矿物质或动物外壳的粉末，耐风吹日晒，经久不变。上色方法多为平涂，追求物体固有色的效果，很少光影的变化。

　　Chinese calligraphy and painting also have their own requirements for coloring. Most of the pigments are natural mineral or animal shell powders, which are resistant to wind and sun, and remain unchanged for a long time. The coloring method is mostly flat coating, pursuing the effect of fixing the color of the object, with little variation in light and shadow.

　　随着人们生活水平和文化素质的不断提高，历来为文人雅士所喜爱的古玩、字画等藏品，越来越多地走进寻常百姓家，我国各地古玩文物也日趋红火。古玩又称古董，其内容包罗万象，五花八门，陶瓷、奇石、玉器、铜器、书画、票据、老旧家具、今古钱币、竹木根雕、古旧书籍、日用物品……总而言之，凡今天以前的东西，只要你觉得有意思收而藏之的，似乎都叫古玩，没有一个特别的定义。茶余饭后，闲暇时节，或独自一人，或邀上三两知己好友，细细把玩品评，便可使人恍然间仿佛穿越了时空，遨游于岁月长河中。

　　With the continuous improvement of people's living standards and cultural quality, antiques, calligraphy and paintings, and other collections that have always been loved by literati and scholars, are increasingly entering ordinary people's homes, and the trade of antiques and cultural relics in various parts of China is becoming increasingly prosperous. Antique, also known as antique, has a wide range of contents, including ceramics, rare stones, jade, bronze, calligraphy and painting, bills, old furniture, modern and ancient coins, bamboo and wood root carvings, ancient books, daily necessities... In short, anything from before today that you intentionally collect and hide seems to be called antique, without a specific definition. After tea and dinner, during leisure time, either alone or inviting a few close friends to play and evaluate, one can suddenly feel as if they have traveled through time and space, wandering in the river of time.

　　如追溯历史，自有文字记载的商周以来，玩古物一直是帝王、宦官、文人士大夫的文化传统。这种传统一直在延续了三千多年。直到清末民国，几乎在任何一个有学问、有身份、有地位的文人官员府第，墙上多多少少会挂上几幅名人字画，厅堂上多多少少会摆上一圈红木桌椅，案几上多多少少会供上一些陶瓷、玉雕、奇石作为摆设。

　　Looking back at history, since the Shang and Zhou dynasties, when there were written records, playing with antiques has always been a cultural tradition for emperors, eunuchs, literati, and officials. This tradition has lasted for over three thousand years in China. Until the end of the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, almost every learned, distinguished, and influential literati official residence would have a few famous calligraphy and paintings hanging on the walls, a circle of mahogany tables and chairs in the hall, and ceramic, jade carvings, and rare stones as decorations on the desk.

　　古玩收藏已经成为一种时尚。

　　Collecting antiques has become a fashion trend.

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