想想这所屋子除了啃我们字画的耗子还有什么？”

　　Think about this house, besides the mice gnawing on our calligraphy and paintings, what else is there? ”

　　一品相问题：

　　One issue with appearance:

　　品相是指字画的“相貌”状况，这些都是影响字画价值的重要因素。如果购买古旧字画，更应注意品相问题。

　　Appearance refers to the "appearance" of calligraphy and painting, which are important factors affecting the value of calligraphy and painting. If you purchase antique calligraphy and paintings, you should pay more attention to their appearance.

　　二问题：

　　Price issue:

　　名人字画的定价不受物价部门的约束，所以在购买名家字画时，要了解行情，或请内行把关，以免上当。

　　The pricing of celebrity calligraphy and painting is not constrained by the national pricing department, so when purchasing famous calligraphy and painting, the first thing to do is to understand the market or ask experts to check, in order to avoid being deceived.

　　三真假问题：

　　Three authenticity issues:

　　名人字画市场赝品泛滥，购买名家字画时，应请行家掌眼，以防买来假货。稳妥的办法是直接从字画家手中购求，或从有信誉的画廊处购买。

　　The celebrity calligraphy and painting market is flooded with counterfeit goods. When purchasing famous calligraphy and paintings, it is advisable to seek the attention of experts to prevent the purchase of counterfeit goods. The safest way is to purchase directly from the calligrapher or from a reputable gallery.

　　四水平问题：

　　Four level problem:

　　名人字画艺术水平的高低是衡量其收藏价值的基本因素，名家之作也未必幅幅都是精品，应酬之作等无法体现其应有的艺术水平，因而与精品的价值也大相径庭。

　　The artistic level of celebrity calligraphy and painting is the basic factor for measuring their collection value. The works of famous artists may not necessarily be masterpieces, and social works cannot reflect their expected artistic level, so their value is vastly different from that of masterpieces.

　　五尺幅问题：

　　Five foot scale issue:

　　名人字画的销售有的以幅为计价单位，幅是指常规幅面，即不小于4尺3开者，有的则以平方尺为计价单位。所以同一位名家的作品，幅面越大，其价值越高。如幅面小于4尺3开的小品，其价值就不能与常规幅面的字画相提并论。六代表作问题：

　　The sales of celebrity calligraphy and painting are priced based on the size of the piece, which refers to a regular size of no less than 4 feet and 3 openings, while others are priced based on square feet. So the larger the format of a work by the same famous artist, the higher its value. If the size of the sketch is less than 4 feet and 3 openings, its value cannot be compared to that of conventional calligraphy and painting. Six representative works question:

　　所谓代表作主要是指字画家擅长项目，如齐白石画虾蟹、徐悲鸿画马、黄胄画驴、李可染画山水或牛等。对书法家而言，有的以草字见长、有的以篆字见长，如果字画家的作品不是其擅长的项目，其价值即逊一筹。

　　The so-called representative works mainly refer to the projects that calligraphers are good at, such as Qi Baishi painting shrimp and crab, Xu Beihong painting horse, Huang Zhou painting donkey, Li Keran painting landscape or cow, etc. For calligraphers, some excel in cursive script, while others excel in seal script. If the works of a calligrapher are not their forte, their value will be inferior.

　　七裱工问题：

　　Seven framing issues:

　　裱工是指字画裱件的装裱质量。有的字画裱件做工粗糙，或不平展，或残脱，或有折痕，或受湿受污等等。这些情况不但影响悬挂和欣赏，而且危及字画的寿命，也削弱了字画应有的价值。

　　The framing worker refers to the quality of the mounting of calligraphy and painting. Some calligraphy and painting mounting pieces have rough workmanship, are uneven, torn, creased, or exposed to moisture and dirt, and so on. These situations not only affect hanging and appreciation, but also endanger the lifespan of calligraphy and painting, and weaken the value that calligraphy and painting should have.

　　鉴定技巧

　　Appraisal skills

　　（一）作品的时代风格

　　（1） The era style of the work

　　每一件书画作品都有其特有的时代风格，这是与其所处时代的政治、经济、生活习俗以及物质条件紧密相关的.比如说，山水画在一开始时是不讲究比例的，“人大于山，水不容泛”是它的时代特征。因此，早期的山水画多摄取全形，而等到后来画家知道只要按照比例就可以将大自然缩写在画幅中时，取景才开始向局部发展。

　　Every painting and calligraphy work has its unique style of the times, which is closely related to the politics, economy, customs, and material conditions of its era For example, in the beginning, landscape painting did not pay attention to proportion, and the characteristic of its era was that 'people are larger than mountains, and water cannot overflow'. Therefore, early landscape paintings often captured the full form, but it wasn't until later when painters learned that nature could be abbreviated in proportion that framing began to develop towards the local.

　　书法也是一样。从文学方面来看，不论书写的是诗是文、词汇的运用、事迹的叙述、思想感情的表达等，都能看出它的时代风格。另外书札行款格式和书画件幅也对鉴定书画有一定的帮助。

　　Calligraphy is the same. From a literary perspective, whether it is writing poetry or literature, using vocabulary, narrating stories, expressing thoughts and emotions, etc., one can see its era style. In addition, the format of calligraphy and painting documents and the size of calligraphy and painting pieces are also helpful for identifying calligraphy and painting.

　　（二）艺术家的个人风格

　　（2） Artist's personal style

　　个人风格通常要比时代风格具体得多，艺术家的思想、性格、审美观、习惯甚使用的工具都各有特点。作画时的运笔、线条、构图、人物相貌等无不反映出作者的个人风格特征。尤其是鉴定近现代的作品，由干时代相近，个人风格则尤其重要。“熟记画家一百八，书法家九十八”说的就是要了解历史文化，熟记历代书画家的姓名、字、号、别号，以及他们的经历和他们字、画的特征的道理。

　　Personal style is usually much more specific than the style of the era, and the artist's thoughts, personality, aesthetic views, habits, and even the tools used have their own characteristics. The stroke, lines, composition, and appearance of characters during painting all reflect the author's personal style characteristics. Especially in identifying modern and contemporary works, personal style is particularly important as they are from similar eras. The phrase 'Remembering 180 painters and 98 calligraphers' means understanding history and culture, memorizing the names, characters, names, and aliases of famous calligraphers and painters throughout history, as well as their experiences and the characteristics of their characters and paintings.

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