随着现代生活水平的提高，字画已经从原来的大户人家逐渐走进平民百姓家，客厅卧室挂画已经成了一种普遍的风气，一些名人字画更是价值几千万上亿元，可以说是稀世之宝，但是书画是用宣纸、绢、绫、帛等作底的，娇贵得很。随着时间的推移，一旦我们稍有疏忽，很容易使其受到伤害，所以字画的保养尤其重要。

　　With the improvement of modern living standards, calligraphy and painting have gradually entered ordinary households from wealthy families. Hanging paintings in living rooms and bedrooms has become a common trend, and some celebrity calligraphy and painting are worth millions or billions of yuan, which can be said to be rare treasures. However, calligraphy and painting are based on Xuan paper, silk, satin, and other materials, which are very delicate. With the passage of time, once we make a slight negligence, it is easy to cause harm, so the maintenance of calligraphy and painting is particularly important.

　　收藏字画时不要用手直接接触作品，应戴上手套，以免字画被汗渍污染和指甲划破。欣赏字画时要避免阳光直射作品。字画开卷闭卷不能过于用力。若出现折痕，可在字画背面喷些水使其润湿，然后贴在玻璃上晾干或用低温熨斗熨烫一下，折痕即可。

　　When collecting calligraphy and paintings, do not directly touch the works with your hands. Wear gloves to prevent the calligraphy and paintings from being contaminated by sweat and scratched by nails. When appreciating calligraphy and painting, avoid direct sunlight on the artwork. The opening and closing of calligraphy and painting should not be too forceful. If there are creases, spray some water on the back of the calligraphy or painting to wet it, then stick it on glass to dry or iron it with a low-temperature iron to eliminate the creases.

　　字画在存放时要注意防潮防光防尘。藏室要保持适宜的温湿度。灯光的强度也要控制，字画珍品放进囊匣中置阴暗处保存，不要轻易见光。

　　Attention should be paid to moisture, light, and dust prevention when storing calligraphy and painting. The storage room should maintain appropriate temperature and humidity. The intensity of the lighting should also be controlled, and it is best to store calligraphy and painting treasures in a dark place in the middle of the bag, avoiding easy exposure to light.

　　如果万一字画被泥土、墨水、油脂等弄脏，要进行清洗。一般情况下，只要用软性的毛笔或刷子轻轻将不洁物干擦掉。如污斑严重，可局部湿洗，用棉花球或毛笔蘸些清洗剂，将污迹擦去，并随时用吸墨纸吸掉液体，用清水蘸残留的清洗剂，操作时要谨慎行事，以免损坏书画。

　　If the calligraphy or painting gets dirty with soil, ink, grease, etc., it should be cleaned. In general, as long as a soft brush or brush is used to gently dry and wipe off impurities. If the stains are severe, they can be locally wet washed. Use a cotton ball or brush dipped in some cleaning agent to wipe off the stains, and use absorbent paper to absorb the liquid at any time. Finally, dip the remaining cleaning agent in clean water. Be careful when operating to avoid damaging the calligraphy and painting.

　　为了防止字画霉变虫蛀，可进行。一种方法是用、杀虫剂进行熏蒸，另一种是将防霉变的纸夹在书画中，效果也很好。 　　字画的画面如出现蛀孔、裂缝或残缺，可进行嵌补。方法是将一张与旧字画的质地、颜色相近的修复纸粘在要嵌补处，接口要均匀，晾干后用卵石反复平整，以不露修补痕迹。如果修复纸与原字画的纸色仍有反差，可用茶叶水或颜料润涂，力求色调和谐。用相同的笔墨、手法将画面的缺笔接上补全。

　　To prevent moldy and insect infested calligraphy and paintings, disinfection can be carried out. One method is to fumigate with fungicides and insecticides, and the other is to clip the sterilized paper that has become mold resistant into calligraphy and painting, which also has a good effect. If there are holes, cracks or defects in the calligraphy and painting, they can be repaired. The method is to stick a piece of repair paper with a texture and color similar to the old calligraphy and painting to the area to be repaired, with even joints. After drying, use pebbles to repeatedly level it to avoid exposing repair marks. If there is still a contrast between the color of the repaired paper and the original calligraphy and painting paper, tea water or pigment can be used to moisten and apply, striving for a harmonious color tone. Finally, use the same strokes and techniques to fill in the missing strokes in the picture.

　　字画摆放知识

　　Knowledge of calligraphy and painting placement

　　关于字画的摆放，也挺有讲究的，因为有些字画是专门用来装饰所用的，悬挂艺术作品可以开阔视野，增加品位，陶冶情操愉悦身心。

　　Regarding the placement of calligraphy and painting, there is also a lot of attention to detail, because some calligraphy and painting are specifically used for decoration. Hanging art works can broaden the view, increase taste, cultivate emotions, and bring joy to the body and mind.

　　要注意摆放的采光，特别是绘画，因为每幅画都有明暗之分，绘画的光源能常采取左上方。向阳的居室，图画应挂在室内与窗户成90°角的右侧墙壁上。这样，窗外的自然光源与画面上的光源方向相互呼应，容易和谐统一。但是也要避免光直接照射到。放在光源照射的范围的旁边，既能保证采光也能保证画的品相。因为阳光中的紫外线会使纸、绢的纤维变质、泛黄、褪色和发脆，极易造成字画的损坏，从而缩短字画的寿命。另外，白炽灯泡和荧光灯管发出的光也有少量紫外线，虽然影响不大，但长时间近距离照射也会使字画纸质变黄。所以，在房子布局安排上，应该让白炽灯、日光灯与字画保持2米以上的距离，并且一定要选用低功率的光源

　　Firstly, attention should be paid to the lighting of the placement, especially in painting, because each painting has a distinction between light and dark, and the light source for painting can often be taken from the upper left corner. In a sunny living room, the painting should be hung on the right wall at a 90 degree angle to the window. In this way, the natural light source outside the window echoes the direction of the light source on the screen, making it easy to achieve harmonious unity. But it is also necessary to avoid direct exposure to light. It is best to place it next to the maximum range illuminated by the light source, which can ensure both natural lighting and the quality of the painting. Because ultraviolet rays in sunlight can cause the fibers of paper and silk to deteriorate, turn yellow, fade, and become brittle, which can easily damage calligraphy and painting, thereby shortening their lifespan. In addition, the light emitted by incandescent bulbs and fluorescent tubes also contains a small amount of ultraviolet radiation. Although the impact is not significant, prolonged exposure at close range can cause the calligraphy and painting paper to turn yellow. Therefore, in the layout arrangement of the house, incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps, and calligraphy and painting should be kept at a distance of more than 2 meters, and low-power light sources must be selected

　　其次要选择适当的位置。字画要挂在引人注目的墙面开阔处如迎门的主墙面、茶几、沙发、写字台以及床头上方的墙壁、床边等外。而房间的角落，衣柜边的阴影处就不宜挂字画。悬挂着的书画每天都要用马尾扫帚或丝佛软性的帚轻轻地掸扫画面，切不可用力拂，以免刺伤画芯。也不要将窗户全部打开，以免风直接吹指画面。悬挂书画的前面一定要放置一张小的案几来保护它，案几前不要放挡住画的东西，只宜放置香炉、琴、砚等。 如果是非常珍贵的画，很少有人会将它整日挂于墙壁之上的。因为一旦长时间的悬挂，很容易使其变形。这时候，就要选择密封。我们能把字画用牛皮纸包裹好，放入密封性能较好的箱子或柜子里。还可以在箱角处放上樟脑块等驱虫用品，以防虫蛀。如果再放入些吸水性能较好的图纸，就可以保证字画安然无恙，延长其寿命。一旦字画出现受潮霉烂等情况，我们展开时就要特别小心，防止其破碎。如果受潮不是很严重，展开后应该从反面晒干或吹干。当然，世间万物都是存在两面性的。长时间的悬挂和长时间的密封存放对字画都会产生一些损害，是悬挂和密封这两种方法轮换使用。另外，五月底六月初是书画保养的黄金时间。因为进入五月份，随着春夏季节交替带来湿度、温度等多种因素的变化，字画很容易受到各方面的影响。我们应该利用这段时间，选一个晴朗干燥的天气，将字画一件件挂起，吹去潮气后再次小心收存。

　　Secondly, it is necessary to choose an appropriate location. The calligraphy and painting should be hung on eye-catching walls and open areas such as the main wall facing the door, coffee table, sofa, writing desk, as well as the walls above the bed and bedside. In the corners of the room and the shaded areas next to the wardrobe, it is not suitable to hang calligraphy and paintings. Hanging paintings and calligraphy should be lightly brushed with a ponytail broom or a silk Buddha soft broom every day, and must not be forcefully brushed to avoid puncturing the painting core. Do not open all the windows to prevent the wind from blowing directly onto the screen. A small table should be placed in front of hanging calligraphy and painting to protect it. Do not place anything that blocks the painting in front of the table, only incense burners, pianos, inkstones, etc. If it is a very precious painting, few people would hang it on the wall all day long. Because once suspended for a long time, it is easy to deform. At this point, it is necessary to choose sealing. We'd better wrap the calligraphy and painting in kraft paper and put them in a box or cabinet with good sealing performance. You can also place insect repellent products such as camphor blocks at the corners of the box to prevent insect infestation. If some drawings with good water absorption performance are added, it can ensure the safety of the calligraphy and painting, and extend their lifespan. Once the calligraphy and painting become damp, moldy, or rotten, we need to be particularly careful when unfolding to prevent them from breaking. If the moisture is not very severe, it should be dried or blown dry from the opposite side after unfolding. Of course, everything in the world has two sides. Long term hanging and sealed storage can cause some damage to calligraphy and painting. It is best to alternate between hanging and sealing methods. In addition, late May to early June is the golden time for calligraphy and painting maintenance. As May approaches, with the alternation of spring and summer bringing changes in humidity, temperature, and other factors, calligraphy and painting are easily influenced by various factors. We should use this time to choose a sunny and dry weather, hang up the calligraphy and paintings one by one, blow away the moisture, and carefully store them again.

　　是所挂字画的数量不宜多。居室字画数量太多，会使人眼花缭乱。一两幅经过精心挑选的作品，完全可以起到画龙点睛的作用。尽量不要悬挂一些已经太萧条的字画，容易使人产生消极的情绪。

　　Finally, the number of calligraphy and paintings hung should not be too large. There are too many calligraphy and paintings in the living room, which can make people dazzled. One or two carefully selected works can definitely serve as the finishing touch. Try not to hang paintings or calligraphy that are already too bleak, as it can easily create negative emotions.

　　阴雨连绵，空气湿度特别大，字画极易遭受霉菌侵害，潮湿的空气会改变纸绢的物理结构，此时将书画卷收起来，放到窄小的木匣中或者塑料袋中封闭起来，以免受潮发霉。另外放置书画的袋中也可放些樟脑丸之类的防虫药品，可防止生蠹虫。如果字画已经受潮，可将受潮轻的作品摆放到铺有毡子的平案上，将室内温度调整到22℃25℃之间慢慢晾干。对受潮较为严重的或被雨水淋湿的作品，则要考虑重新揭裱，对作品上所留下的斑渍进行清洗，还作品本来面目。

　　Continuous rainy weather and high air humidity make calligraphy and painting highly susceptible to mold damage. Moist air can alter the physical structure of paper and silk. At this time, it is best to collect calligraphy and painting rolls and seal them in narrow wooden boxes or plastic bags to prevent moisture and mold. In addition, insect repellent such as camphor balls can also be placed in the bag for calligraphy and painting to prevent the growth of moths. If the calligraphy and painting have been dampened, you can place the lightly dampened works on a flat surface covered with felt, adjust the indoor temperature to between 22 ℃ and 25 ℃, and slowly dry them. For works that have been severely affected by moisture or rainwater, it is necessary to consider re framing, cleaning the stains left on the works, and restoring the original appearance of the works.

　　鉴定字画

　　Identification of calligraphy and painting

　　鉴定字画一般都不会先去查看素描本身画的是什么，而是先看了那张素描纸，轻微的用手折了一下，看看纸质的硬度和柔韧度，这是鉴定字画所必须的程序。

　　Generally, when evaluating calligraphy and painting, one does not first examine what the sketch itself depicts. Instead, one looks at the sketch paper and lightly folds it by hand to check the hardness and flexibility of the paper. This is a necessary procedure for evaluating calligraphy and painting.

　　本文由  收购名人字画 友情奉献.更多有关的知识请点击  https://www.jndyt888.com/   真诚的态度.为您提供为的服务.更多有关的知识我们将会陆续向大家奉献.敬请期待.

　　This article is dedicated to the acquisition of celebrity calligraphy and painting friendship For more related knowledge, please click https://www.jndyt888.com/ Sincere attitude To provide you with comprehensive services We will gradually contribute more relevant knowledge to everyone Coming soon.　　随着现代生活水平的提高，字画已经从原来的大户人家逐渐走进平民百姓家，客厅卧室挂画已经成了一种普遍的风气，一些名人字画更是价值几千万上亿元，可以说是稀世之宝，但是书画是用宣纸、绢、绫、帛等作底的，娇贵得很。随着时间的推移，一旦我们稍有疏忽，很容易使其受到伤害，所以字画的保养尤其重要。

　　With the improvement of modern living standards, calligraphy and painting have gradually entered ordinary households from wealthy families. Hanging paintings in living rooms and bedrooms has become a common trend, and some celebrity calligraphy and painting are worth millions or billions of yuan, which can be said to be rare treasures. However, calligraphy and painting are based on Xuan paper, silk, satin, and other materials, which are very delicate. With the passage of time, once we make a slight negligence, it is easy to cause harm, so the maintenance of calligraphy and painting is particularly important.

　　收藏字画时不要用手直接接触作品，应戴上手套，以免字画被汗渍污染和指甲划破。欣赏字画时要避免阳光直射作品。字画开卷闭卷不能过于用力。若出现折痕，可在字画背面喷些水使其润湿，然后贴在玻璃上晾干或用低温熨斗熨烫一下，折痕即可。

　　When collecting calligraphy and paintings, do not directly touch the works with your hands. Wear gloves to prevent the calligraphy and paintings from being contaminated by sweat and scratched by nails. When appreciating calligraphy and painting, avoid direct sunlight on the artwork. The opening and closing of calligraphy and painting should not be too forceful. If there are creases, spray some water on the back of the calligraphy or painting to wet it, then stick it on glass to dry or iron it with a low-temperature iron to eliminate the creases.

　　字画在存放时要注意防潮防光防尘。藏室要保持适宜的温湿度。灯光的强度也要控制，字画珍品放进囊匣中置阴暗处保存，不要轻易见光。

　　Attention should be paid to moisture, light, and dust prevention when storing calligraphy and painting. The storage room should maintain appropriate temperature and humidity. The intensity of the lighting should also be controlled, and it is best to store calligraphy and painting treasures in a dark place in the middle of the bag, avoiding easy exposure to light.

　　如果万一字画被泥土、墨水、油脂等弄脏，要进行清洗。一般情况下，只要用软性的毛笔或刷子轻轻将不洁物干擦掉。如污斑严重，可局部湿洗，用棉花球或毛笔蘸些清洗剂，将污迹擦去，并随时用吸墨纸吸掉液体，用清水蘸残留的清洗剂，操作时要谨慎行事，以免损坏书画。

　　If the calligraphy or painting gets dirty with soil, ink, grease, etc., it should be cleaned. In general, as long as a soft brush or brush is used to gently dry and wipe off impurities. If the stains are severe, they can be locally wet washed. Use a cotton ball or brush dipped in some cleaning agent to wipe off the stains, and use absorbent paper to absorb the liquid at any time. Finally, dip the remaining cleaning agent in clean water. Be careful when operating to avoid damaging the calligraphy and painting.

　　为了防止字画霉变虫蛀，可进行。一种方法是用、杀虫剂进行熏蒸，另一种是将防霉变的纸夹在书画中，效果也很好。 　　字画的画面如出现蛀孔、裂缝或残缺，可进行嵌补。方法是将一张与旧字画的质地、颜色相近的修复纸粘在要嵌补处，接口要均匀，晾干后用卵石反复平整，以不露修补痕迹。如果修复纸与原字画的纸色仍有反差，可用茶叶水或颜料润涂，力求色调和谐。用相同的笔墨、手法将画面的缺笔接上补全。

　　To prevent moldy and insect infested calligraphy and paintings, disinfection can be carried out. One method is to fumigate with fungicides and insecticides, and the other is to clip the sterilized paper that has become mold resistant into calligraphy and painting, which also has a good effect. If there are holes, cracks or defects in the calligraphy and painting, they can be repaired. The method is to stick a piece of repair paper with a texture and color similar to the old calligraphy and painting to the area to be repaired, with even joints. After drying, use pebbles to repeatedly level it to avoid exposing repair marks. If there is still a contrast between the color of the repaired paper and the original calligraphy and painting paper, tea water or pigment can be used to moisten and apply, striving for a harmonious color tone. Finally, use the same strokes and techniques to fill in the missing strokes in the picture.

　　字画摆放知识

　　Knowledge of calligraphy and painting placement

　　关于字画的摆放，也挺有讲究的，因为有些字画是专门用来装饰所用的，悬挂艺术作品可以开阔视野，增加品位，陶冶情操愉悦身心。

　　Regarding the placement of calligraphy and painting, there is also a lot of attention to detail, because some calligraphy and painting are specifically used for decoration. Hanging art works can broaden the view, increase taste, cultivate emotions, and bring joy to the body and mind.

　　要注意摆放的采光，特别是绘画，因为每幅画都有明暗之分，绘画的光源能常采取左上方。向阳的居室，图画应挂在室内与窗户成90°角的右侧墙壁上。这样，窗外的自然光源与画面上的光源方向相互呼应，容易和谐统一。但是也要避免光直接照射到。放在光源照射的范围的旁边，既能保证采光也能保证画的品相。因为阳光中的紫外线会使纸、绢的纤维变质、泛黄、褪色和发脆，极易造成字画的损坏，从而缩短字画的寿命。另外，白炽灯泡和荧光灯管发出的光也有少量紫外线，虽然影响不大，但长时间近距离照射也会使字画纸质变黄。所以，在房子布局安排上，应该让白炽灯、日光灯与字画保持2米以上的距离，并且一定要选用低功率的光源

　　Firstly, attention should be paid to the lighting of the placement, especially in painting, because each painting has a distinction between light and dark, and the light source for painting can often be taken from the upper left corner. In a sunny living room, the painting should be hung on the right wall at a 90 degree angle to the window. In this way, the natural light source outside the window echoes the direction of the light source on the screen, making it easy to achieve harmonious unity. But it is also necessary to avoid direct exposure to light. It is best to place it next to the maximum range illuminated by the light source, which can ensure both natural lighting and the quality of the painting. Because ultraviolet rays in sunlight can cause the fibers of paper and silk to deteriorate, turn yellow, fade, and become brittle, which can easily damage calligraphy and painting, thereby shortening their lifespan. In addition, the light emitted by incandescent bulbs and fluorescent tubes also contains a small amount of ultraviolet radiation. Although the impact is not significant, prolonged exposure at close range can cause the calligraphy and painting paper to turn yellow. Therefore, in the layout arrangement of the house, incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps, and calligraphy and painting should be kept at a distance of more than 2 meters, and low-power light sources must be selected

　　其次要选择适当的位置。字画要挂在引人注目的墙面开阔处如迎门的主墙面、茶几、沙发、写字台以及床头上方的墙壁、床边等外。而房间的角落，衣柜边的阴影处就不宜挂字画。悬挂着的书画每天都要用马尾扫帚或丝佛软性的帚轻轻地掸扫画面，切不可用力拂，以免刺伤画芯。也不要将窗户全部打开，以免风直接吹指画面。悬挂书画的前面一定要放置一张小的案几来保护它，案几前不要放挡住画的东西，只宜放置香炉、琴、砚等。 如果是非常珍贵的画，很少有人会将它整日挂于墙壁之上的。因为一旦长时间的悬挂，很容易使其变形。这时候，就要选择密封。我们能把字画用牛皮纸包裹好，放入密封性能较好的箱子或柜子里。还可以在箱角处放上樟脑块等驱虫用品，以防虫蛀。如果再放入些吸水性能较好的图纸，就可以保证字画安然无恙，延长其寿命。一旦字画出现受潮霉烂等情况，我们展开时就要特别小心，防止其破碎。如果受潮不是很严重，展开后应该从反面晒干或吹干。当然，世间万物都是存在两面性的。长时间的悬挂和长时间的密封存放对字画都会产生一些损害，是悬挂和密封这两种方法轮换使用。另外，五月底六月初是书画保养的黄金时间。因为进入五月份，随着春夏季节交替带来湿度、温度等多种因素的变化，字画很容易受到各方面的影响。我们应该利用这段时间，选一个晴朗干燥的天气，将字画一件件挂起，吹去潮气后再次小心收存。

　　Secondly, it is necessary to choose an appropriate location. The calligraphy and painting should be hung on eye-catching walls and open areas such as the main wall facing the door, coffee table, sofa, writing desk, as well as the walls above the bed and bedside. In the corners of the room and the shaded areas next to the wardrobe, it is not suitable to hang calligraphy and paintings. Hanging paintings and calligraphy should be lightly brushed with a ponytail broom or a silk Buddha soft broom every day, and must not be forcefully brushed to avoid puncturing the painting core. Do not open all the windows to prevent the wind from blowing directly onto the screen. A small table should be placed in front of hanging calligraphy and painting to protect it. Do not place anything that blocks the painting in front of the table, only incense burners, pianos, inkstones, etc. If it is a very precious painting, few people would hang it on the wall all day long. Because once suspended for a long time, it is easy to deform. At this point, it is necessary to choose sealing. We'd better wrap the calligraphy and painting in kraft paper and put them in a box or cabinet with good sealing performance. You can also place insect repellent products such as camphor blocks at the corners of the box to prevent insect infestation. If some drawings with good water absorption performance are added, it can ensure the safety of the calligraphy and painting, and extend their lifespan. Once the calligraphy and painting become damp, moldy, or rotten, we need to be particularly careful when unfolding to prevent them from breaking. If the moisture is not very severe, it should be dried or blown dry from the opposite side after unfolding. Of course, everything in the world has two sides. Long term hanging and sealed storage can cause some damage to calligraphy and painting. It is best to alternate between hanging and sealing methods. In addition, late May to early June is the golden time for calligraphy and painting maintenance. As May approaches, with the alternation of spring and summer bringing changes in humidity, temperature, and other factors, calligraphy and painting are easily influenced by various factors. We should use this time to choose a sunny and dry weather, hang up the calligraphy and paintings one by one, blow away the moisture, and carefully store them again.

　　是所挂字画的数量不宜多。居室字画数量太多，会使人眼花缭乱。一两幅经过精心挑选的作品，完全可以起到画龙点睛的作用。尽量不要悬挂一些已经太萧条的字画，容易使人产生消极的情绪。

　　Finally, the number of calligraphy and paintings hung should not be too large. There are too many calligraphy and paintings in the living room, which can make people dazzled. One or two carefully selected works can definitely serve as the finishing touch. Try not to hang paintings or calligraphy that are already too bleak, as it can easily create negative emotions.

　　阴雨连绵，空气湿度特别大，字画极易遭受霉菌侵害，潮湿的空气会改变纸绢的物理结构，此时将书画卷收起来，放到窄小的木匣中或者塑料袋中封闭起来，以免受潮发霉。另外放置书画的袋中也可放些樟脑丸之类的防虫药品，可防止生蠹虫。如果字画已经受潮，可将受潮轻的作品摆放到铺有毡子的平案上，将室内温度调整到22℃25℃之间慢慢晾干。对受潮较为严重的或被雨水淋湿的作品，则要考虑重新揭裱，对作品上所留下的斑渍进行清洗，还作品本来面目。

　　Continuous rainy weather and high air humidity make calligraphy and painting highly susceptible to mold damage. Moist air can alter the physical structure of paper and silk. At this time, it is best to collect calligraphy and painting rolls and seal them in narrow wooden boxes or plastic bags to prevent moisture and mold. In addition, insect repellent such as camphor balls can also be placed in the bag for calligraphy and painting to prevent the growth of moths. If the calligraphy and painting have been dampened, you can place the lightly dampened works on a flat surface covered with felt, adjust the indoor temperature to between 22 ℃ and 25 ℃, and slowly dry them. For works that have been severely affected by moisture or rainwater, it is necessary to consider re framing, cleaning the stains left on the works, and restoring the original appearance of the works.

　　鉴定字画

　　Identification of calligraphy and painting

　　鉴定字画一般都不会先去查看素描本身画的是什么，而是先看了那张素描纸，轻微的用手折了一下，看看纸质的硬度和柔韧度，这是鉴定字画所必须的程序。

　　Generally, when evaluating calligraphy and painting, one does not first examine what the sketch itself depicts. Instead, one looks at the sketch paper and lightly folds it by hand to check the hardness and flexibility of the paper. This is a necessary procedure for evaluating calligraphy and painting.

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