鉴定技巧

　　Appraisal skills

　　（一）作品的时代风格

　　（1） The era style of the work

　　每一件书画作品都有其特有的时代风格，这是与其所处时代的政治、经济、生活习俗以及物质条件紧密相关的.比如说，山水画在一开始时是不讲究比例的，“人大于山，水不容泛”是它的时代特征。因此，早期的山水画多摄取全形，而等到后来画家知道只要按照比例就可以将大自然缩写在画幅中时，取景才开始向局部发展。

　　Every painting and calligraphy work has its unique style of the times, which is closely related to the politics, economy, customs, and material conditions of its era For example, in the beginning, landscape painting did not pay attention to proportion, and the characteristic of its era was that 'people are larger than mountains, and water cannot overflow'. Therefore, early landscape paintings often captured the full form, but it wasn't until later when painters learned that nature could be abbreviated in proportion that framing began to develop towards the local.

　　书法也是一样。从文学方面来看，不论书写的是诗是文、词汇的运用、事迹的叙述、思想感情的表达等，都能看出它的时代风格。另外书札行款格式和书画件幅也对鉴定书画有一定的帮助。

　　Calligraphy is the same. From a literary perspective, whether it is writing poetry or literature, using vocabulary, narrating stories, expressing thoughts and emotions, etc., one can see its era style. In addition, the format of calligraphy and painting documents and the size of calligraphy and painting pieces are also helpful for identifying calligraphy and painting.

　　（二）艺术家的个人风格

　　（2） Artist's personal style

　　个人风格通常要比时代风格具体得多，艺术家的思想、性格、审美观、习惯甚使用的工具都各有特点。作画时的运笔、线条、构图、人物相貌等无不反映出作者的个人风格特征。尤其是鉴定近现代的作品，由干时代相近，个人风格则尤其重要。“熟记画家一百八，书法家九十八”说的就是要了解历史文化，熟记历代书画家的姓名、字、号、别号，以及他们的经历和他们字、画的特征的道理。

　　Personal style is usually much more specific than the style of the era, and the artist's thoughts, personality, aesthetic views, habits, and even the tools used have their own characteristics. The stroke, lines, composition, and appearance of characters during painting all reflect the author's personal style characteristics. Especially in identifying modern and contemporary works, personal style is particularly important as they are from similar eras. The phrase 'Remembering 180 painters and 98 calligraphers' means understanding history and culture, memorizing the names, characters, names, and aliases of famous calligraphers and painters throughout history, as well as their experiences and the characteristics of their characters and paintings.

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