文字的笔画、笔形。 宋陈恩《菁华》卷六：“ 杜 氏之杰有骨力而字画微瘦。” 宋苏轼《李房藏书记》：“自 秦 汉 以来，作者益众，纸与字画，日趋于简便。” 清王士禛《池北偶谈·谈艺三·张浚书》：“ 宋 张魏公手书谒范文正公 祠一绝……字画甚拙，诗亦劣。”即为书画。也就是书法和绘画作品的统称。 宋 苏轼 《东坡志林》卷八：“ 唐 末 五代 ，文章藻丽，字画随之。”《西湖佳话·六桥才迹》：“张二抱扇叩头而出，才走出府门，早有好事的，见是苏东坡的字画，都情愿出千钱一柄。”《红楼梦》第三七回：“索性凑成十二个，就全了；也和人家的字画册页一样。”曹禺《北京人》第二幕：“想想这所屋子除了啃我们字画的耗子还有什么？”

　　The strokes and shapes of characters. Song Chen'en's "Jinghua" Volume 6: "Du Shi's heroes have bone strength, but their calligraphy and painting are slightly thin." Song Su Shi's "Record of Li Fang's Book Collection": "Since the Qin and Han dynasties, the number of authors has increased, and paper and calligraphy and painting have become increasingly simple." Qing Wang Shixun's "Discussions on the Art of Chibei Part Three: Zhang Jun's Book": "Song Zhang Wei Gong's handwritten visit to Fan Wenzheng Gong Temple is a masterpiece... His calligraphy and painting are very poor, and his poetry is also inferior. It is a general term for calligraphy and painting works. Song Su Shi's "Records of Su Dongpo in the Forest" Volume 8: "In the late Tang and Five Dynasties, the literary style was magnificent, and the calligraphy and painting followed suit." In "Tales of West Lake: Six Bridges of Talent": "Zhang Er knocked on his head with a fan and walked out of the mansion. There had been good things for a long time, and when he saw that it was Su Dongpo's calligraphy and painting, he was willing to pay a thousand yuan per handle." In Chapter 37 of "Dream of the Red Chamber": "So we gathered twelve pieces together, and it was all done; it was just like other people's calligraphy and painting albums." Cao Yu's "Peking Man" Act 2: "Think about what else in this house besides the mice gnawing on our calligraphy and painting

　　一品相问题：品相是指字画的“相貌”状况，这些都是影响字画价值的重要因素。如果购买古旧字画，更应注意品相问题。

　　The issue of appearance: Appearance refers to the "appearance" of calligraphy and painting, which are important factors affecting the value of calligraphy and painting. If you purchase antique calligraphy and paintings, you should pay more attention to their appearance.

　　二问题：名人字画的定价不受物价部门的约束，所以在购买名家字画时，要了解行情，或请内行把关，以免上当。

　　Price issue: The pricing of celebrity calligraphy and painting is not subject to the constraints of the national price department, so when purchasing celebrity calligraphy and painting, the first thing to do is to understand the market or ask experts to check, in order to avoid being deceived.

　　三真假问题：名人字画市场赝品泛滥，购买名家字画时，应请行家掌眼，以防买来假货。稳妥的办法是直接从字画家手中购求，或从有信誉的画廊处购买。

　　Three issues of authenticity: The celebrity calligraphy and painting market is flooded with counterfeit goods. When purchasing famous calligraphy and paintings, one should seek the attention of experts to prevent the purchase of counterfeit goods. The safest way is to purchase directly from the calligrapher or from a reputable gallery.

　　四水平问题：名人字画艺术水平的高低是衡量其收藏价值的基本因素，名家之作也未必幅幅都是精品，应酬之作等无法体现其应有的艺术水平，因而与精品的价值也大相径庭。

　　The four level issue: The level of artistic skill in celebrity calligraphy and painting is a fundamental factor in measuring their collection value. The works of famous artists may not necessarily be masterpieces, and social works cannot reflect their expected artistic level, thus their value is vastly different from that of masterpieces.

　　五尺幅问题：名人字画的销售有的以幅为计价单位，幅是指常规幅面，即不小于4尺3开者，有的则以平方尺为计价单位。所以同一位名家的作品，幅面越大，其价值越高。如幅面小于4尺3开的小品，其价值就不能与常规幅面的字画相提并论。

　　Five foot size issue: Some sales of celebrity calligraphy and painting are priced based on the size of the piece, which refers to a regular size of no less than 4 feet and 3 openings, while others are priced based on square feet. So the larger the format of a work by the same famous artist, the higher its value. If the size of the sketch is less than 4 feet and 3 openings, its value cannot be compared to that of conventional calligraphy and painting.

　　六代表作问题：所谓代表作主要是指字画家擅长项目，如齐白石画虾蟹、徐悲鸿画马、黄胄画驴、李可染画山水或牛等。对书法家而言，有的以草字见长、有的以篆字见长，如果字画家的作品不是其擅长的项目，其价值即逊一筹。

　　The issue of the Six Representative Works: The so-called representative works mainly refer to the projects that calligraphers are good at, such as Qi Baishi painting shrimp and crab, Xu Beihong painting horses, Huang Zhou painting donkeys, Li Keran painting landscapes or cows, etc. For calligraphers, some excel in cursive script, while others excel in seal script. If the works of a calligrapher are not their forte, their value will be inferior.

　　七裱工问题：裱工是指字画裱件的装裱质量。有的字画裱件做工粗糙，或不平展，或残脱，或有折痕，或受湿受污等等。这些情况不但影响悬挂和欣赏，而且危及字画的寿命，也削弱了字画应有的价值。

　　Seven framing issues: framing refers to the quality of mounting for calligraphy and painting. Some calligraphy and painting mounting pieces have rough workmanship, are uneven, torn, creased, or exposed to moisture and dirt, and so on. These situations not only affect hanging and appreciation, but also endanger the lifespan of calligraphy and painting, and weaken the value that calligraphy and painting should have.

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